A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago.

Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1-3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4-6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8-12 billion years ago (redshifts 1-3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-µas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.

Impact of Extracellular DNA on Architectural Parameters of Leptospira biflexa Biofilm.

Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is a major component of bacterial biofilms. In this study, we performed a three-dimensional analysis of Leptospira biofilm using advanced imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and multi-parameter analysis by COMSTAT 2 software, with quantification of Leptospira and eDNA fluorescence. To investigate the role of eDNA in Leptospira biofilm, we treated Leptospira biflexa biofilms with DNase I enzyme (DNase), which digested eDNA, and compared DNase treated biofilms and controls. There was a significant reduction of the biomass of biofilms treated with DNase, by spectrophotometry and COMSTAT analysis. The multiparameter analysis evidenced for DNase-treated biofilms a significant decrease in the surface area and the average thickness; opposing to a significant augmentation of the surface/biovolume ratio and the roughness coefficient (Ra*), when compared to controls. We analyzed the parameters of DNase-treated biofilms by Pearson's correlation coefficient and found significant positive correlations between biomass and average thickness; biomass and surface area; surface area and average thickness. On the other hand, there were significant negative correlations between Ra* and biomass; Ra* and average thickness; Ra* and surface area. These findings suggest that eDNA digestion results in biofilm instability and alteration of the three-dimensional architecture, justifying the negative correlation between Ra* and the above-mentioned parameters. In conclusion, our study showed that eDNA digestion produced a massive structural loss, instability, and dramatic changes in the three-dimensional architecture of Leptospira biflexa biofilm. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of eDNA and highlight the importance of eDNA as a key component in Leptospira biofilms.

An integrated biological effects assessment of the discharge water into the Sunndalsfjord from an aluminium smelter.

An integrated biological effects study using field transplanted mussels was applied to determine the potential biological effects of an effluent discharge from an aluminium smelter into a Norwegian fjord. Chemical body burden and biological effects were measured in mussels positioned downstream (1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 km) from the aluminium smelters discharge for a period of 6 weeks. A suite of biomarkers, from whole organism to subcellular responses were measured. Chemical concentrations in mussel tissues were low; however, a change in the PAC (polyaromatic compound) profile from high to low pyrogenic influence provided evidence of exposure to the smelter's effluent. Overall, the biological responses observed where greater in the mussels positioned closest to the smelter (1-5 km). Lowest chemical accumulation and biomarker responses were observed in mussels positioned 10 km from the smelter and were considered as the reference field population. Mussels located furthest from the smelter (20 km) exhibited significant biomarker responses and suggested a different contaminant source within the fjord. The integrated biological response index (IBR) was applied and reflected the expected level of exposure to the smelters discharge, with highest IBR calculated in mussels positioned closest to the discharge (1-5 km). Principal component analysis (PCA) also differentiated among mussel groups, with the most impacted located closest to the smelter. Not one chemical factor could explain the biological responses observed in mussels, but the presence of PAH16, PAH41 and metals Mn, Ni and Cr were the main contributors measured to the higher stress seen in the mussels from the 1 and 5 km groups.

Length-weight relationships of fish from sandy beaches / Relação peso-comprimento de 16 espécies de peixes que ocorrem perto de praias arenosas ao longo da bacia do baixo rio Negro na Amazônia brasileira

This study estimated the length–weight relationships of 16 fish species occurring close to the shores of sandy beaches along the lower Negro River basin, Brazilian Amazon. The specimens were captured for one day each month, in October to November 2016, early in the morning and early evening, using trawl net (20 m length and 3.5 m height, 5 mm mesh between opposite knots). Measurements were taken for standard length (SL – 0.1 cm precision) and total weight (TW – 0.01 g precision). The parameters a and b of the equation WT = a.LTb were estimated. The a values ranged from 0.0018 to 0.0226 and b values ranged from 2.5271 to 3.3244. This study also provides new data on of maximum lengths for six species, Amazonsprattus scintilla, Brycon pesu, Moenkhausia megalops, Pachyurus paucirastrus, Reganella depressa and Trachydoras microstomus, and new reports of the LWRs parameters of 15 fish species.

Este estudo estimou as relações comprimento-peso de 16 espécies de peixes que ocorrem às margens de praias arenosas ao longo da bacia do baixo Rio Negro, Amazônia brasileira. As espécies foram capturadas durante um dia de cada mês, de outubro a novembro de 2016, no início da manhã e no início da noite, usando rede de cerco (20 m de comprimento e 3,5 m de altura, 5 malha mm entre nós opostos). As medidas foram feitas para comprimento padrão (SL - precisão de 0,1 cm) e peso total (TW - precisão de 0,01 g). Os parâmetros a e b da equação WT = a.LTb foram estimados. Os valores de a variaram de 0,0018 a 0,0226 e os valores de b variaram de 2,5271 a 3,3244. Este estudo também fornece novos dados sobre comprimentos máximos para seis espécies, Amazonsprattus scintilla, Brycon pesu, Moenkhausia megalops, Pachyurus paucirastrus, Reganella depressa e Trachydoras microstomus, e novos reportes dos parâmetros da LWRs de 15 espécies de peixes.

Length-weight relationships of fish from sandy beaches

Abstract This study estimated the lengthweight relationships of 16 fish species occurring close to the shores of sandy beaches along the lower Negro River basin, Brazilian Amazon. The specimens were captured for one day each month, in October to November 2016, early in the morning and early evening, using trawl net (20 m taken for standard length (SL 0.1 cm precision) and total weight (TW 0.01 g precision). The parameters a and b of the equation WT = a.LTb were estimated. The a values ranged from 0.0018 to 0.0226 and b values ranged from 2.5271 to 3.3244. This study also provides new data on of maximum lengths for six species, Amazonsprattus scintilla, Brycon pesu, Moenkhausia megalops, Pachyurus paucirastrus, Reganella depressa and Trachydoras microstomus, and new reports of the LWRs parameters of 15 fish species.

Resumo Este estudo estimou as relações comprimento-peso de 16 espécies de peixes que ocorrem às margens de praias arenosas ao longo da bacia do baixo Rio Negro, Amazônia brasileira. As espécies foram capturadas durante um dia de cada mês, de outubro a novembro de 2016, no início da manhã e no início da noite, usando rede de cerco (20 m de comprimento e 3,5 m de altura, 5 malha mm entre nós opostos). As medidas foram feitas para comprimento padrão (SL - precisão de 0,1 cm) e peso total (TW - precisão de 0,01 g). Os parâmetros a e b da equação WT = a.LTb foram estimados. Os valores de a variaram de 0,0018 a 0,0226 e os valores de b variaram de 2,5271 a 3,3244. Este estudo também fornece novos dados sobre comprimentos máximos para seis espécies, Amazonsprattus scintilla, Brycon pesu, Moenkhausia megalops, Pachyurus paucirastrus, Reganella depressa e Trachydoras microstomus, e novos reportes dos parâmetros da LWRs de 15 espécies de peixes.

Length-weight relationships of fish from sandy beaches / Relação peso-comprimento de 16 espécies de peixes que ocorrem perto de praias arenosas ao longo da bacia do baixo rio Negro na Amazônia brasileira

Abstract This study estimated the length-weight relationships of 16 fish species occurring close to the shores of sandy beaches along the lower Negro River basin, Brazilian Amazon. The specimens were captured for one day each month, in October to November 2016, early in the morning and early evening, using trawl net (20 m taken for standard length (SL - 0.1 cm precision) and total weight (TW - 0.01 g precision). The parameters a and b of the equation WT = a.LTb were estimated. The a values ranged from 0.0018 to 0.0226 and b values ranged from 2.5271 to 3.3244. This study also provides new data on of maximum lengths for six species, Amazonsprattus scintilla, Brycon pesu, Moenkhausia megalops, Pachyurus paucirastrus, Reganella depressa and Trachydoras microstomus, and new reports of the LWRs parameters of 15 fish species.

Resumo Este estudo estimou as relações comprimento-peso de 16 espécies de peixes que ocorrem às margens de praias arenosas ao longo da bacia do baixo Rio Negro, Amazônia brasileira. As espécies foram capturadas durante um dia de cada mês, de outubro a novembro de 2016, no início da manhã e no início da noite, usando rede de cerco (20 m de comprimento e 3,5 m de altura, 5 malha mm entre nós opostos). As medidas foram feitas para comprimento padrão (SL - precisão de 0,1 cm) e peso total (TW - precisão de 0,01 g). Os parâmetros a e b da equação WT = a.LTb foram estimados. Os valores de a variaram de 0,0018 a 0,0226 e os valores de b variaram de 2,5271 a 3,3244. Este estudo também fornece novos dados sobre comprimentos máximos para seis espécies, Amazonsprattus scintilla, Brycon pesu, Moenkhausia megalops, Pachyurus paucirastrus, Reganella depressa e Trachydoras microstomus, e novos reportes dos parâmetros da LWRs de 15 espécies de peixes.

Cross-tissue immune cell analysis reveals tissue-specific features in humans.

Despite their crucial role in health and disease, our knowledge of immune cells within human tissues remains limited. We surveyed the immune compartment of 16 tissues from 12 adult donors by single-cell RNA sequencing and VDJ sequencing generating a dataset of ~360,000 cells. To systematically resolve immune cell heterogeneity across tissues, we developed CellTypist, a machine learning tool for rapid and precise cell type annotation. Using this approach, combined with detailed curation, we determined the tissue distribution of finely phenotyped immune cell types, revealing hitherto unappreciated tissue-specific features and clonal architecture of T and B cells. Our multitissue approach lays the foundation for identifying highly resolved immune cell types by leveraging a common reference dataset, tissue-integrated expression analysis, and antigen receptor sequencing.

Opioid Use After Nephrectomy for Kidney Cancer in Ontario: A Population-Based Study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the odds of early and prolonged post-operative opioid use in patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery (MIS) vs open surgery for nephrectomy. METHODS: For opioid-naïve patients in Ontario who underwent nephrectomy for kidney cancer (1994-2017, n = 7900), post-discharge opioid use was determined by prescriptions in the Ontario Drug Benefit database (age ≥65 years) and the Narcotics Monitoring System (all patients from 2012). Early opioid use was defined as ≥1 prescription 1-90 days after surgery. Two separate definitions of prolonged opioid use were examined: (1) prescription(s) for ≥60 days during post-operative days 90-365; (2) ≥1 prescriptions between both of: 1-90 days AND 91-180 days after surgery. Predictors of opioid use were assessed using multivariable generalized estimating equation logistic regression, accounting for surgeon clustering. RESULTS: Overall, 67.4% of patients received early opioid prescriptions; however, prolonged use was low, ranging from 1.6 to 4.4% of patients depending on the definition. In multivariable analysis, open nephrectomy was associated with higher odds of early opioid use compared to MIS nephrectomy (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.36, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.19-1.55). Surgery type was not significantly associated with prolonged opioid use for either definition (OR 1.22, CI 0.79-1.89 and OR 1.06, CI 0.83-1.35). CONCLUSIONS: In this population-level study of patients undergoing nephrectomy for kidney cancer, patients who received open surgery were at increased odds of receiving early post-operative opioids compared to MIS. Prolonged opioid use was low overall and was not significantly with associated with type of surgery.

Medial malleolus malunion with secondary tibiotalar and syndesmotic incongruence - two case reports and ''box resection'' for its treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Ankle fractures are among the most common injuries treated by orthopaedic surgeons. Malunion is one of the possible complications, and corrective surgery is often used to avoid long-term disability. However, few studies address medial malleolus malunion and the best revision surgery technique is controversial. We describe a new surgical technique, the "box resection". MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present two cases of medial malleolus malunion with secondary talus lateral translation and syndesmotic incongruence. In order to restore a congruent tibiotalar joint, we performed the described technique. RESULTS: We record significant improvement of AOFAS Score and range of motion in both cases, with resolution of pain symptoms. Postoperative radiographs show a congruent mortise with syndesmosis reduction. CONCLUSION: The box resection allowed immediate talus medial translation to its original position. It is a simple and effective solution, with a good functional outcome.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La consolidación viciosa del maléolo interno es una posible complicación en las fracturas maleolares. Su tratamiento es difícil y controvertido, por el momento no hay una solución estándar. Proponemos una nueva técnica quirúrgica para el tratamiento de estos casos que denominamos "resección en caja". MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Presentamos dos casos de consolidación viciosa del maléolo interno, asociados con traslación lateral del astrágalo y incongruencia de la sindesmosis, donde aplicamos la técnica quirúrgica descrita. RESULTADOS: En ambos casos, obtuvimos una mejora significativa en el puntaje AOFAS y en el rango de movilidad, así como en la resolución de las molestias por dolor. Las radiografías muestran mortajas congruentes y anatómicas, con una reducción satisfactoria de la sindesmosis. CONCLUSIÓN: La técnica de "resección en caja" es simple y eficaz produciendo un buen resultado clínico y funcional.

Length-weight relationships of fish from sandy beaches.

This study estimated the length-weight relationships of 16 fish species occurring close to the shores of sandy beaches along the lower Negro River basin, Brazilian Amazon. The specimens were captured for one day each month, in October to November 2016, early in the morning and early evening, using trawl net (20 m taken for standard length (SL - 0.1 cm precision) and total weight (TW - 0.01 g precision). The parameters a and b of the equation WT = a.LTb were estimated. The a values ranged from 0.0018 to 0.0226 and b values ranged from 2.5271 to 3.3244. This study also provides new data on of maximum lengths for six species, Amazonsprattus scintilla, Brycon pesu, Moenkhausia megalops, Pachyurus paucirastrus, Reganella depressa and Trachydoras microstomus, and new reports of the LWRs parameters of 15 fish species.

Medial malleolus malunion with secondary tibiotalar and syndesmotic incongruence - two case reports and «box resection¼ for its treatment / Mal unión del maléolo medial con incongruencia tibiotalar y sindesmótica: «resección en caja¼ para su tratamiento

Abstract: Introduction: Ankle fractures are among the most common injuries treated by orthopaedic surgeons. Malunion is one of the possible complications, and corrective surgery is often used to avoid long-term disability. However, few studies address medial malleolus malunion and the best revision surgery technique is controversial. We describe a new surgical technique, the «box resection¼. Material and methods: We present two cases of medial malleolus malunion with secondary talus lateral translation and syndesmotic incongruence. In order to restore a congruent tibiotalar joint, we performed the described technique. Results: We record significant improvement of AOFAS Score and range of motion in both cases, with resolution of pain symptoms. Postoperative radiographs show a congruent mortise with syndesmosis reduction. Conclusion: The box resection allowed immediate talus medial translation to its original position. It is a simple and effective solution, with a good functional outcome.

Resumen: Introducción: La consolidación viciosa del maléolo interno es una posible complicación en las fracturas maleolares. Su tratamiento es difícil y controvertido, por el momento no hay una solución estándar. Proponemos una nueva técnica quirúrgica para el tratamiento de estos casos que denominamos «resección en caja¼. Material y métodos: Presentamos dos casos de consolidación viciosa del maléolo interno, asociados con traslación lateral del astrágalo y incongruencia de la sindesmosis, donde aplicamos la técnica quirúrgica descrita. Resultados: En ambos casos, obtuvimos una mejora significativa en el puntaje AOFAS y en el rango de movilidad, así como en la resolución de las molestias por dolor. Las radiografías muestran mortajas congruentes y anatómicas, con una reducción satisfactoria de la sindesmosis. Conclusión: La técnica de «resección en caja¼ es simple y eficaz produciendo un buen resultado clínico y funcional.

Correlation between SARC-F Score and Ultrasound-Measured Thigh Muscle Thickness in Older Hospitalized Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: Strength, Assistance for walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, and Falls (SARC-F) score is frequently used for screening the sarcopenia risk in older people. However, the agreement between SARC-F and loss of ultrasound-derived muscle thickness in hospitalized older cancer patients is unexplored. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to evaluate the relationship between the SARC-F score and ultrasound-derived muscle thickness of rectus femoris and vastus intermedius in older hospitalised cancer patients. The secondary objective was to identify the presence of sarcopenia. MEASUREMENTS: A cross-sectional study enrolled forty-one older hospitalised cancer patients ongoing chemotherapy or surgical treatment. Body weight (kg) was measured using a digital scale and height using a portable stadiometer to assess body mass index. SARC-F was performed to assess and classify sarcopenia risk (with (SARC-F: ≥4), without (SARC-F: <4). US-derived muscle thickness of rectus femoris and vastus intermedius was assessed using a portable ultrasound. Relationship between the SARC-F and muscle thickness was tested using Pearson´s correlation and Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS: Approximately, 46.3% of the patients presented sarcopenia and a lower non-significant muscle thickness of rectus femoris and vastus intermedius (SARC-F ≥4: 18.54±6.28 vs. SARC-F <4: 22.22±9.16 mm, p=0.07). There was a moderate negative correlation between SARC-F and muscle thickness (r=-0.40, p=0.004). Additionally, Bland-Altman plots no found systematic bias risk between SARC-F and ultrasound-derived muscle thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately, 46.3% of older hospitalized cancer patients presented sarcopenia. Additionally, we found a moderate inverse correlation and no systematic bias risk between SARC-F and ultrasound-measured muscle thickness.

Estudio y descripción anatómica de vías de abordaje del astrágalo / Anatomical study of surgical approaches to the talus

Estudio anatómico descriptivo de las diferentes vías de abordaje de astrágalo, con documentación fotográfica, utilizando técnica en 3 dimensiones. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar puntos de referencia macroscópicos, planos anatómicos, estructuras en riesgo, campo de visualización y posible aplicabilidad de cada vía de abordaje para ayudar a la toma de decisiones en el momento de la planificación quirúrgica ante una fractura de astrágalo. Dieciocho especímenes frescos y 2 inyecciones con látex en la arteria poplítea fueron estudiados realizando 2 veces cada vía de abordaje con documentación fotográfica. Este estudio propone la necesidad de realizar una correcta planificación prequirúrgica para elegir la mejor vía de abordaje en cada caso y la importancia de realizar, en la gran mayoría de casos, la vía combinada para conseguir una reducción correcta

Descriptive anatomical study of the different surgical approaches to the talus with photographic documentation using a 3-dimensional technique. The objective of this study is to evaluate macroscopic reference points, anatomical planes, structures at risk, field of visualization and possible applicability of each approach to help decision-making at the time of surgical planning in the event of a fracture of the talus. Eighteen fresh specimens and two specimens injected with black latex through the popliteal artery were dissected, performing each surgical approach twice with photographic documentation. This study highlights the need for correct pre-surgical planning to choose the best approach in each case and the importance of a combined approach in the vast majority of cases to achieve a correct reduction

Gravity stress tibiotalar laxity evaluation with a biomedical gyroscopes device - cadaver study with progressive sectioning of lateral ankle ligaments.

PURPOSE: Despite the evidence on the role of gravity stress test to access the instability of other ankle injuries, there is limited literature regarding gravity stress on the lateral ankle ligament's insufficiency. The objective of our study was to objectively measure the tibiotalar angular movement under gravity stress after progressive sectioning of the lateral ankle ligaments. METHODS: We performed sequential sectioning of the anterior talofibular (ATFL), calcaneofibular (CFL), and posterior talofibular ligaments (PTFL) in twelve ankle specimens. Under gravity stress, we measured the angular movement of the talus in relation to the tibia. The measuring device is based on a three-axis gyroscope and accelerometer. RESULTS: Comparing to the intact condition, the plantar flexion increased on average 1.78° (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15;2.42), 5.13° (95%CI 3.10;7.16) and 8.63° (95%CI 6.05;11.22), the rotation increased by 1.00° (95 CI -0.51;2.51), 3.68° (95%CI 1.97;5.40) and 15.62° (95%CI 10.09;21.14), and the varus increased 2.89° (95% CI 1.39, 4.39), 8.12° (95% CI 5.16, 11.07) and 11.68° (95% CI 7.91, 15.46), after sectioning the ATFL, CFL, and PTFL, respectively. The overall changes were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant tibiotalar laxity after sectioning of lateral ankle ligaments when the foot position is influenced only by gravity. The tibiotalar angular displacement was significant when the CFL and PTFL were cut which suggests that the gravity test could be used to assess combined lateral ankle ligament injury. This evidence might be a step forward in the development of lateral ankle ligaments gravity stress tests. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 (cadaver study).

Anatomical study of surgical approaches to the talus. / Estudio y descripción anatómica de vías de abordaje del astrágalo.

Descriptive anatomical study of the different surgical approaches to the talus with photographic documentation using a 3-dimensional technique. The objective of this study is to evaluate macroscopic reference points, anatomical planes, structures at risk, field of visualization and possible applicability of each approach to help decision-making at the time of surgical planning in the event of a fracture of the talus. Eighteen fresh specimens and two specimens injected with black latex through the popliteal artery were dissected, performing each surgical approach twice with photographic documentation. This study highlights the need for correct pre-surgical planning to choose the best approach in each case and the importance of a combined approach in the vast majority of cases to achieve a correct reduction.

Valor nutritivo do capim-xaraés em três intensidades luminosas / Nutritive value of xaraés palisade grass in three light intensities

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o valor nutritivo e a força de cisalhamento da cultivar de Urochloa brizantha (syn Brachiaria brizantha) cv Xaraés submetida a três intensidades luminosas e quatro cortes. O experimento foi conduzido na FMVZ - Unesp de Botucatu, com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, sendo os tratamentos: luminosidade natural, redução de 30% e 60% de luz, com quatro cortes e três repetições. As análises realizadas foram: composição bromatológica, digestibilidade e a força de cisalhamento. Não houve diferença na digestibilidade entre os tratamentos em nenhum dos cortes, mas a qualidade forrageira foi influenciada pelos níveis de intensidade de luz, tendo o tratamento com 60% de redução de luminosidade apresentado maiores concentrações de proteína bruta e cinzas, menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro, hemicelulose, celulose e força de cisalhamento. Em relação aos cortes estudados, o primeiro teve o menor intervalo de corte e produziu forragem com qualidade superior em comparação ao último, pois obteve menor teor de fibra em detergente ácido, lignina, hemicelulose, celulose e consequente menor força de cisalhamento. Portanto, a redução de 60% de luminosidade é benéfica à qualidade e à força de cisalhamento da cultivar Xaraés.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritive value and shear strength of the Xaraés grass (Urochloa brizantha) under the three intensities of light and four cuts. The experiment was conducted at FMVZ - UNESP, Botucatu, with a randomized block design, with the following treatments: natural luminosity, 30% and 60% light reduction, with four cuts and three replications. The analyzes were bromatological composition, digestibility, and shearing strength. There was no difference in digestibility between the treatments in any of the cuts, forage quality was influenced by the light intensity levels, and the treatment with 60% of light reduction produced higher concentrations of crude protein and ash, lower levels of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose and shear strength. According to the studied cuts, the first one had the lowest cut interval and produced superior forage compared with the last one, as it obtained lower fiber content in acid detergent, lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and consequent lower shear force. Therefore, the reduction of 60% of luminosity is beneficial to the quality and shear force of the Xaraés palisade grass.(AU)